INDIA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES
PESHAWAR * LAHORE * KARACHI * BOMBAY *
PESHAWAR * LAHORE * KARACHI * BOMBAY *
CAWNPORE * LUCKNOW
Researched, illustrated and written by George W. Randall.
co-founder in July 1996 and former
Vice Chairman Kinloch Castle Friends' Association.
GEORGE BULLOUGH – WORLD TOUR 1892-1895
Article 11 of 28 * Time of visit January / February 1893
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George Bullough (right) was twenty-two years old when he embarked on a
three year world tour with his travelling companion, Robert Mitchell,
in September 1892.
Bullough’s
father, John, owner of Howard & Bullough, Ltd., cotton machinery manufacturers,
Accrington, England, died on the 25th of March 1891, three days short of George’s coming of age,
leaving his eldest son a very
wealthy young man.
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The world they
travelled was a car free world,
a very different world,
a world now
beyond living memory,
a world at the very height of the Victorian Era.
In 1896 Robert
Mitchell recalled their experiences in a series of twenty-eight
articles in the
weekly Accrington Division Gazette, photo-copies of which were
made
available to me by Accrington Library and which I have transcribed
unaltered.
Twenty albums,
containing over six hundred photographs,
are still to be found in the
library at Kinloch Castle, Scotland,
the Highland home Bullough
commissioned in 1897.
They record the
places visited one hundred and twenty-five years ago.
I have re-photographed every photograph, many in great detail and
reproduced each album in my Archive,
a selected number I have used to best illustrate Mr. Mitchell’s text.
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Kinloch Castle on the island of Rum, Scotland, commissioned by
George Bullough, (later Sir George, Baronet) was built using red sandstone quarried from the nearby island of Arran between 1897-1900 as a Highland hunting lodge.
It remains a fully furnished unique time capsule of the late
Victorian and Edwardian Era.
Images from George W. Randall Research Research and Photographic Archive >>>>>>> <<<<<<< * >>>>>>> <<<<<<< |
I am indebted to
the late broadcaster and journalist, Magnus Magnusson, K.B.E,
at the time Chairman of Scottish Natural Heritage,
at the time Chairman of Scottish Natural Heritage,
(the agency
responsible for Kinloch Castle),
who gave me
permission (1996) to archive and photographically record
the
contents of Kinloch Castle,
including the
700 plus half-plate images of George Bullough’s World Tour.
I co-operated with Mr. Magnusson in the writing and illustrating of some chapters
in his 1997 book: Rum: Nature's Island, celebrating forty years since acquisition
on 28 February 1957 of the island by the Conservative Government of the day
on behalf of the nation.
The world they
travelled was indeed very different to that of today.
Steam driven
ships still carried sails; bullock carts and horse drawn
vehicles clogged
city roadways instead of cars. Steam trains were the fastest form of travel.
city roadways instead of cars. Steam trains were the fastest form of travel.
Britain was at the very apogee of its power and influence ... ...
CARAVANSARI PESHAWAR
Album IV *
Photograph 29 * Size 8½ x 6 inches * George W. Randall
Archive |
Caravansary, a roadside
inn where travellers and their pack animals could
safely rest after a day’s
travel. The word is a combination of the Persian, kārvān, caravan,
and sarāy, a building with
enclosed courts.
The one depicted is at Peshawar, at the time in India’s
North-West
Provinces, today Pakistan, along the Grand Trunk Road
which runs for 1,600 miles from
the port of Chittagong in modern day
Bangladesh in the east, (formerly East Bengal), across India,
through the Khyber Pass to Kabul, Afghanistan.
BOMBAY PANORAMA
High Court * Rajabai Clock Tower * Senate House * Secretariat
High Court * Rajabai Clock Tower * Senate House * Secretariat
Album V * Photograph 5 * Size 9½ x 7½ inches * George W. Randall Archive
Left of the
Clock Tower is the Bombay High Court House
designed by the British engineer Colonel (later General) James Augustus Fuller
and completed after seven years in November 1878.
designed by the British engineer Colonel (later General) James Augustus Fuller
and completed after seven years in November 1878.
It was one of
three Presidency High Courts in India established by
Letters Patent issued by
Queen Victoria in June 1862,
the others being in Madras and Calcutta.
Constructed in
Gothic Revival style the building is 562 feet long by 187 feet wide,
its two octagonal towers respectively bear the statues of Justice and Mercy.
its two octagonal towers respectively bear the statues of Justice and Mercy.
It remains the
second largest building in Bombay, re-named Mumbai in 1995.
BOMBAY PANORAMA
High Court * Rajabai Clock Tower
High Court * Rajabai Clock Tower
Album V * Photograph 5 * Edited from full size 9½ x 7½ inches
George W. Randall Archive
At 280 feet the Rajabai
Clock Tower was the tallest building in Bombay
at the time of
its completion in 1878. Modelled after London’s Big Ben by
British architect, Sir George
Gilbert Scott, (who never visited India),
the tower is a blend of Venetian and Gothic styles
built utilising local
buff coloured Kurlstone and decorated at every
level with
figures carved
out of Porebunder* stone representing the twenty-four
castes of
western India.
The foundation
stone was laid in March 1869.
The four clock
faces each measure twelve feet six inches in diameter.
The clock tower
was commissioned by 47 year old Premchand Roychand,
a Parsee
businessman and founder of the Bombay Stock Exchange,
and named after
his
A devout
follower of the Jain religion, the quarter-hour chimes of the clock
enabled
Rajabain to tell the time for her prayers and when to dine unaided.
During the
British Raj** up to 1931, when “they began to give trouble”,
the clockwork
driven “joy bells” as they were called played sixteen tunes
Home Sweet Home and a
Symphony by George Frederic Handel.
The hour bell
weighed three tons.
When the the
original mechanical clock broke down the Senate decided to
replace it with a new
electric clock. Sir Kikabhai Premchand and
Mr. Manekla Premchand, sons of the
original benefactor,
kindly offered to pay for the installation.
This was
undertaken by the Bombay Swadeshi Electric Clock Co., Ltd,
who thereafter
maintained the clock.
The Tower and
adjacent library are noted for
“containing some
of the best stained glass windows in the city.”
Spacious vaulted
halls, imposing stairways and galleries are features of the
Recently
manuscripts,
diaries and
* Porebunder stone
- a yellowish white limestone with a compact grain.
** The period
known as the British Raj was rule by the British Crown
from 1858 to Indian Independence on 15th of August 1947 following
the
troubles of 1857 which resulted in transfer of the
Honourable East India Company interests to the British Government.
BOMBAY PANORAMA - SENATE HOUSE
Album V * Photograph 5 * Edited from full size 9½ x 7½ inches
George W. Randall Archive
The Senate Hall,
officially called the
Sir Cowasji
Jehangir Hall of the University of Bombay
was funded by and named after Parsee business man and
philanthropist
Sir Cowasji
Jehangir, C.S.I.,* 1812-1878, whose Coat of Arms are depicted in stained
glass on either side of the hall
itself along with the Arms of England, Ireland,
Scotland and Wales, plus those of the University of Bombay,
Scotland and Wales, plus those of the University of Bombay,
Lord Elphinstone (Colonial Administrator), Sir George Russell Clerk
(Governor of Bombay 1848-1850 and 1860-1862),
Sir Henry Bartle Frere (Colonial Administrator and Governor of Bombay 1862-1867),
Sir Robert Seymour Vasey Fitz-Gerald (Governor of Bombay 1867-1872)
and Sir Philip Wodehouse (Governor of Bombay 1872-1877).
Sir Henry Bartle Frere (Colonial Administrator and Governor of Bombay 1862-1867),
Sir Robert Seymour Vasey Fitz-Gerald (Governor of Bombay 1867-1872)
and Sir Philip Wodehouse (Governor of Bombay 1872-1877).
The Senate House was designed by British architect
Sir George
Gilbert Scott, R.A., F.S.A.,
“in an early type of French architecture of the
13th century, the hall measures
104 by 44 feet, its height being 63 feet to the
apex of the groined ceiling.”**
Of his initial submission Scott wrote he had “adopted a free variety of
architecture of the 13th century adapted to the exigencies of a hot climate.
I have made it very lofty that it may be conspicuous throughout the city.
The lantern above I have supposed to contain chimes.”**
The foundation stone was laid on the 29th December
1868 by Bombay University
Chancellor, Robert Seymour Vasey
Fitz-Gerald and the building completed in 1874.
Magnificent Burmese teak beams, a 38 foot diameter semi-circular domed apse,
galleries, organ loft and over two thousand square feet of stained glass,
including a twenty-four foot diameter rose window depicting the twelve signs of
the Zodiac designed by Robert Turnill Bayne and crafted at
the Covent Garden, London studios of Heaton, Butler and Bayne, were shipped to Bombay and compliment the
interior. Since 2005 the Hall has undergone major
refurbishment.
* C.S.I. - Companion
of the Star of India. The naming was agreed and unanimously
passed by a resolution in the
Senate on 4 March 1875.
** Quotes from Sir
Gilbert Scott’s submitted plans referenced in
“A History of the University of Bombay”
by Sunderrao Ramrao Dongerkery (Registrar University of Bombay) Published 1957.
“A History of the University of Bombay”
by Sunderrao Ramrao Dongerkery (Registrar University of Bombay) Published 1957.
The
Bombay Secretariat was completed in March 1874 in the
Venetian Gothic style to
a design by Captain Henry St. Clair Wilkins
in collaboration with British
colonial
administrator Sir
Bartle Frere, Governor of Bombay, and Edward Frere.
With
its multi-tiered arcaded verandahs and huge gable dominating
the west façade, it
remains today a monument to the civic pride
of Bombay’s 19th
century British rulers.
Captain Wilkins, son of the Reverend George Wilkins, D.D., Archdeacon of Nottingham, was
born on the 3rd of December 1828.
After attending the military
college of the
Honourable
East India Company at Addiscombe,* Surrey, he was awarded,
in
June 1847 at age nineteen, a lieutenancy in India with the Bombay
Engineers.
An
accomplished artist and draughtsman, Wilkins was employed in the
architectural
and engineering public works department.
Following
active service in Aden, Abyssinia and India itself, during which he was
mentioned
in dispatches, he was promoted Captain in 1858,
and
Colonel in 1868, serving as aid-de-champs to Queen Victoria.
He
retired in 1882 with the rank of General.
The
Secretariat is 470 feet long with 81 foot wide wings in the shape of three
sides
of
an octagon. The west façade, with its multi-storied arcaded verandahs,
comprises
buff-coloured Porbander stone enriched with structural polychromy.
Fine
detail was carved by native artists in white Hemnagar stone.
Internal
statues, sculpture work and many grand staircases
were
executed in blue and red basalt.
A
170 foot high tower rises above the gable which dominates the buildings axis.
*
The Honourable East India Company
trained its young recruits for military service in India at its college at
Addiscombe, near Croyden, England, opened in 1809.
Courses, which lasted two years
On passing their final examinations, cadets were posted to the Company’s Bengal,
On passing their final examinations, cadets were posted to the Company’s Bengal,
Madras or Bombay Presidency to serve as
Engineers, Artillery or Infantry officers.
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IMPORTANT PREFACE
After leaving Bombay our travellers headed for Cawnpore the scene of one of the most infamous episode during the Indian Uprising of 1857.
This Preface is included to help understand background, people and events prior-to and during June 1857
and their bearing on the world we live in today.
However, there
is no substitute
for reading the many books on this subject
and I have listed those I have referenced at the end
of this post.See also Notes 18 - 23 at the end of Robert Mitchell's article.
 COAT OF ARMS OF THE HONOURABLE EAST INDIA COMPANY Auspicio Regis et Senatus Angliæ "By Command of the Queen and Parliament of England." George W. Randall Archive |
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| Map of the Bengal Presidency in 1858 From: Survey of India, Perry-Castenada Map Library University of Texas India, Imperial Gazetteer of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago |
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Today, Dalhousie, (1812-1860), is seen as a far sighted governor by his supporters for bringing railways and the telegraph to the sub-continent, or as a destroyer by his detractors through
reckless policies which brought death, destruction and almost the loss of India.
Since 1851 in Bengal things were slowly
coming to a head. In that year, on the 19th of January, seventy-six year old Baji Rao II, Peishwa of Poonah and last of the Mahratta kings, who once ruled over fifty million people, died at the six square mile palace estate at Bithoor, fifteen miles by road north of Cawnpore, allotted to him along with an annual pension of £80,000 under peace terms by Major-general Sir John Malcolm the Company's Administrator in 1818.
Under Baji Rao's Will his thirty-one year old adopted son, Dhondu Pant, known in history as Nana Sahib, was named as heir presumptive with the pension from the East India Company continuing.
Despite repeated requests, even the sending of an envoy, Azimullah Khan, (3) to plead direct with Queen Victoria, the Company steadfastly refused to honour the pension. (When Sir John Malcolm agreed the terms, it was not expected forty-three year old Baji Rao would live another thirty-three years, when life expectancy in India was little more than forty, or shortly thereafter adopt a son as his heir.)
Under Baji Rao's Will his thirty-one year old adopted son, Dhondu Pant, known in history as Nana Sahib, was named as heir presumptive with the pension from the East India Company continuing.
Despite repeated requests, even the sending of an envoy, Azimullah Khan, (3) to plead direct with Queen Victoria, the Company steadfastly refused to honour the pension. (When Sir John Malcolm agreed the terms, it was not expected forty-three year old Baji Rao would live another thirty-three years, when life expectancy in India was little more than forty, or shortly thereafter adopt a son as his heir.)
Continuing high
handedness and indifference towards Indian culture by the Company in pursuit of profit put them increasingly at odds with the native populace.
In February 1857 the Company issued the new point 577 calibre Enfield rifle-musket, (Pattern 1853), which required the greased cartridge be torn open with the teeth to release the powder. Rumour rapidly spread that the grease used was fat from pigs and cattle, abhorrent respectively to Muslims and Hindus.
"For having at Meerut on the 24th of April 1857, severally and
On
Sunday, 10th May the Meerut Garrison revolted, opened
the prison gates, released their comrades and set off for Delhi to seek the
support of the last Moghul emperor, eighty-two year old Mirza Abu Zafar
Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar, (Bahadur Shah II), son of Akbar II. (4)
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In February 1857 the Company issued the new point 577 calibre Enfield rifle-musket, (Pattern 1853), which required the greased cartridge be torn open with the teeth to release the powder. Rumour rapidly spread that the grease used was fat from pigs and cattle, abhorrent respectively to Muslims and Hindus.
On the 24th of the following
month at Meerut, forty year old Colonel Sir George Carmichael-Smyth, 2nd
Baronet, commander of the 3rd Bengal
Light Cavalry paraded and ordered ninety of his Indian Sowars to
assemble and fire the new rifle. All but five refused. The eighty-five were
tried by a Native General Court Martial stripped of their uniform,
shackled hand and foot and sentenced to ten years in prison. An unprecedented humiliation,
as the Sowars were Brahmins, the upper-caste elite, who owned their own
horses.
The charge was:
"For having at Meerut on the 24th of April 1857, severally and
individually disobeyed the lawful command of their superior officer,
Brevet-Colonel G. C. M. Smyth, commanding the 3rd Regiment of Light Cavalry,
by not having
taken the cartridges tendered to each of them individually for use
that day on parade when ordered by Colonel
Smyth to take the said cartridges.”
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| LOCATION OF ALLAHABAD, CAWNPORE, BITHUR, LUCKNOW, MEERUT, AND DELHI. CAWNPORE TO DELHI APPROXIMATELY 300 MILES. (British military stations highlighted.) From: The Cambridge Modern History Atlas 1912. >>>>>>> <<<<<<< * >>>>>>> <<<<<<<  |
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THE REBELS HEADED FOR THE WALLED CITY OF DELHI WITH THE RED FORT AT ITS CENTRE,
HOME OF THE LAST EMPEROR OF INDIA EIGHTY-TWO YEAR OLD, BAHADUR SHAH II.
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Throughout May
at his Bithur Palace, twenty-five miles north by road of Cawnpore,
Nana Sahib was
fully aware of the turn of events happening all around.
He must have
pondered whether to join the rebels, overthrow British rule and regain
his father's annexed estates, or by doing so,
failure and alignment with mutineers
and murders would cost him everything he still
had, maybe his life.
Mutiny broke out
at Cawnpore at midnight on the 4th of June.
After opening
the jail, looting and firing Company property the mutineers,
like their Meerut comrades the month before,
set off for the Red Fort at Delhi,
to seek support
of the last Moghal emperor, Bahadur Shah II.(5)
Along the road they
met Nana Sahib and persuaded him,
as his father’s
nominated successor, to be their leader; here was the opportunity to right his perceived wrong and get rid of the British.  FROM: A Personal Narrative of the Outbreak and Massacre at Cawnpore During the Sepoy Revolt of 1857. By William Jonah Shepherd - Published 1879  FROM: A Personal Narrative of the Outbreak and Massacre at Cawnpore During the Sepoy Revolt of 1857. By William Jonah Shepherd - Published 1879 |
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WHEELER'S ENTRENCHMENT AFTER THE SIEGE
From: reflectionsonthelucknowresidency.blogspot.com
The siege commenced 5th June and ended under terms of safe passage on 25th June 1857.
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With caution
thrown to the wind Nana Sahib laid siege to the garrison where years of
complacency had allowed the British barracks, capable of
accommodating over
7,000 troops, to
fall into disrepair and where Company forces and civilians were
totally unprepared for an emergency let alone a protracted siege.
Finally, facing
the reality of their situation they hurriedly barricaded themselves into a
small enclave
within the camp in what became known as Wheeler's Entrenchment
after their
commanding officer, Sir Hugh Massy Wheeler, K.C.B.
Wheeler joined
the Military Branch of the East India Company in 1803 aged fourteen
and was posted
to India two years later to serve under General Gerald Lake.
Fluent
in Hindustani, a veteran of the First Anglo-Afghan and the
First and Second
Anglo-Sikh Wars, sixty-eight year old, Irish born, Sir Hugh
had only been
appointed Cawnpore Garrison commander in June 1856.
Lady
Frances Wheeler was a high-cast Eurasian, a woman of mixed race.
Of the couples
nine children, two daughters, Eliza, the younger, twenty year old Margaret
and
their thirty year old son, Lieutenant Godfrey Richard, 1st Native Infantry,
were with them at Cawnpore.
Most records
state all five were killed, however others state Margaret was saved,
later
marrying her rescuer and revealing on her deathbed, aged seventy-two,
her true identity to a priest in
1909.
Wheeler
commanded four Indian regiments, the 1st, 53rd and
56th division of Sepoys,
(native soldiers), and the 2nd Bengal
Cavalry, plus about three hundred white troops.
Unwilling to accept
the scale of what was unfolding all around, and so confident his troops would
not rebel, General Wheeler all too readily acceded to requests to
send
some of his forces to the assistance of the neighbouring station of
Lucknow
where trouble had already erupted.
(Wheeler was
later described as “a gallant veteran (who) unselfishly dispatched eighty men
of the 32nd under Captain Lowe and the following day (a further)
fifty men of the 84th to Lucknow although he was well aware that in
case of attack his own position was indefensible.”)
Reference: 1933 Edition Murray’s Guide to India.
Some British
civilians chose through the use of disguises and help of loyal servants,
to "melt" into the 60,000 strong native population of Cawnpore, in the hope of saving themselves.
to "melt" into the 60,000 strong native population of Cawnpore, in the hope of saving themselves.
Records show at least thirty survived.
After
resisting and suffering disease, hunger, sunstroke, injury, and many deaths for
almost three weeks, General Wheeler, on behalf of the thousand men, women and
children accepted terms of safe passage offered by Nana Sahib by
river to Allahabad.
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| SUTTEE CHOWRA GHAT - SMALL FISHING ENCAMPMENT Album V * Photograph 17 * Edited from full size 7½ x 6½ inches * George W. Randall Archive
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A number of men and women in a boat led by Major Edward Vibart, 2nd Bengal Light Cavalry, did get to the main river channel. Constantly harassed from both banks as they drifted downstream all but four were eventually captured after twenty miles at the village of Sheorajpore. Dragged back, the men were brutally murdered, the women thrown in with their fellow prisoners into a small house known as the Bibhigar.
By being strong swimmers and inevitable luck the four managed to evade capture. They were helped by Oudh Rajah, Digbijai Singh, (4) “a steadfast friend of the British” and got completely away to tell their tale: Captain Mowbray Thomson, 53rd Native Infantry, rose to the rank of general, was knighted K.C.I.E., died February 1917 aged 85 and interred in the Memorial Church, Cawnpore. Lieutenant Henry George Delafosse, 53rd Native Infantry, rose to the rank of major-general, died February 1904 aged 69, and commemorated on a plaque in Cawnpore Memorial Church; Private Patrick Murphy of Her Majesty's 84th York and Lancaster Regiment and Private John Sullivan of the First Madras Fusiliers (101st) died a few weeks later of cholera.
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| LOADING THE BOATS AT SUTTEE CHOWRA GHAT Frontispiece from The Story of Cawnpore by Captain Mowbray Thomson 1859. The River Ganges at Suttee Chowra in the dry season is about 500 yards, slow moving and full of seen and unseen mud-banks. In the wet season its width increases four fold. Although Cawnpore was on the Great Trunk Road, the river was navigable for a further 300 miles upstream and 1,000 downstream even in the dry season to small draft vessels.
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Of the survivors at the Ghat, the men were immediately killed, the women and children incarcerated for several weeks before being butchered. Battle hardened British troops finally arrived at Cawnpore on the 16th of July, what they saw brought tears to their eyes. Retribution swiftly followed, with further atrocities committed by both sides.
This was the beginning of what today is variously termed the Indian Rebellion, Mutiny, or Uprising; or, as the Indian’s themselves refer to it, the First War of Independence.
It ended on the 1st of November 1858.
On the 1st of May 1876 Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India.
It ended on the 1st of November 1858.
On the 1st of May 1876 Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India.
India gained her independence on the 15th of August 1947.
Subsequently extended numerous
times the Company existed for 158 years, before, following the unrest of
1857, it was dissolved, administration transferring to the British Crown.
(2) Bombay Castle, formerly the Portuguese Manor House on Bombay Island, when Bom Bem or Bombay as we know it, was one of the seven islands in the eighteenth century were under the Portuguese rule. Subsequent land reclamation by the Honourable Company created the city of Bombay, renamed Mumbai in 1995. See Note 15.
(3) Azimullah Khan was rescued as a seven year old starving Muslim boy, along with his mother, during the famine of 1837-1838 and given shelter at a mission at Cawnpore. A bright young man he became fluent in English and French and familiar with the ways of the English whilst working as a secretary to several British officers. He later became confidant and adviser to Nana Sahib. It is believed he died of fever in 1859.
(2) Bombay Castle, formerly the Portuguese Manor House on Bombay Island, when Bom Bem or Bombay as we know it, was one of the seven islands in the eighteenth century were under the Portuguese rule. Subsequent land reclamation by the Honourable Company created the city of Bombay, renamed Mumbai in 1995. See Note 15.
(3) Azimullah Khan was rescued as a seven year old starving Muslim boy, along with his mother, during the famine of 1837-1838 and given shelter at a mission at Cawnpore. A bright young man he became fluent in English and French and familiar with the ways of the English whilst working as a secretary to several British officers. He later became confidant and adviser to Nana Sahib. It is believed he died of fever in 1859.
(4) Emperor, Bahadur Shah’s power barely
extended beyond the 260 or so acres of the Red Fort and walled city of
Delhi. In 1857, one hundred and fifty years since its creation, the all-powerful
East India Company, through unjust laws, principally annexation, had fragmented
India into hundreds of puppet kingdoms; even to the point eighty-two year old Bahadur Shah in his two-hundred
year old red sandstone fort was perceived by the British as posing no real threat.
However, he and his Fort remained a rallying point to the erupting dissension and from the 8th of June to the 21st September British and Company force laid siege to the city.
However, he and his Fort remained a rallying point to the erupting dissension and from the 8th of June to the 21st September British and Company force laid siege to the city.
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| MEMORIAL TO THE
78th HIGHLANDERS, LUCKNOW Album V * Photograph 24 * Edited from full size 11½ x 8½ inches George W. Randall Archive Original photograph by Bourne and Shepherd No. 2602 and private soldiers of the LXXVIII Highland Regiment who fell in the suppression of the Mutiny of the native army of India in the years MDCCCLVII and MDCCCLVIII : This Memorial is erected as a Tribute of Respect by their surviving brother officers and comrades and by many officers who formerly belonged to the Regiment. Anno Domini MDCCCLXI Raised in 1793 the 78th Highlanders Regiment of Foot served in France, Persia and India during the Anglo/Afghan War 1839-1842 prior to returning to India in May 1857 to help suppress the Indian Rebellion. Under their commander, General Sir Colin Campbell, the 78th played a major role after a series of forced marches in the capture of Cawnpore in July and the final breaking of the siege at the Lucknow Residency, the official home of the British Resident General, on the 27th of November 1857, during which eight members were awarded the Victoria Cross for Valour, including Assistant Surgeon Valentine Munbee McMaster "for the intrepidity with which he exposed himself to the fire of the enemy, in bringing in, and attending to the wounded on the 25th of September at Lucknow," he survived and died in 1872. Sir Colin was promoted Field Marshall in 1862 and died in August 1863. He is interred beneath a red marble memorial in the centre aisle of the nave of Westminster Abbey. which reads: "Beneath this stone rest the remains of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde, who by his own deserts through fifty years of arduous service from the earliest battles in the Peninsula War to pacification of India in 1858 rose to the rank of Field Marshall and a peerage. He died lamented by the Queen, the Army and the people Aug. 14th 1863 in the 71st year of his age."  A Ghat is a set of steps leading down to water, particularly a holy river, in this case the 1,691 mile long Ganges. Titled Massacre Ghat by George Bullough because of the betrayal and subsequent murder of the fugitives promised safe passage downstream to the British Cantonment at Allahabad following the twenty day siege of their entrenchment at Cawnpore, 5 -25 June 1857. Just over a mile from the entrenchment, the Ghat measures 150 x 100 feet. On the bank behind stand a small, white stone built temple, Hundeen's Temple, dedicated to the god Shiva. As the third god in the Hindu triumvirate "Shiva's role is to destroy the universe in order to recreate it." 
HOUSE WHERE THOSE FUGITIVES WHO ESCAPED THE MASSACRE
ON THE RIVER WERE TIED ELBOW TO ELBOW
Original album photograph is embossed B F K Rives along the upper half of the left edge.
"B F K Rives" is a brand of acid-free 100% cotton mould paper used in historical photographic processes.
Album V * Photograph 25 * Size 10½
x 7½ inches * George W. Randall Archive
a 50 by 40 foot property with two rooms divided by a central open courtyard 40 x 16 feet. 
On the evening
of the 15th of July a number of captives from the British Cantonment at Fatehgarh, including the Greenway family and their fourteen year old son, arrived at Cawnpore sent by the unscrupulous Jása Singh, head of the Janwárs of the Unao, who had attacked and captured the military station the moment he learnt of the uprising. The men, including the boy, were “summarily executed” 
SEE NOTE 20.
* Research indicates George
Bullough’s
picture depicts Savada Kothi and
not the Bibighar where
the women
and children were murdered,
which is shown left.
A Bibighar was a house built by a
British officer in Cawnpore for
his Indian mistress.
** ** ** ** ** ** **
Originally called All Souls’ Cathedral, the church was
built between 1862 and 1875
in honour of those who lost their lives during the Siege of
Cawnpore in 1857.
Designed by Walter Long Granville, (1819-1874), engineer of
the East Bengal Railway
and one of the most successful architects working in India
during the Victorian Era.
His other notable and later works include
Calcutta’s General Post Office,
Granville was born in Milan, the fourth son of Augustus
Granville, F.R.S.,
whose claim to fame was helping oversee the acquisition of
the Elgin Marbles
from the Parthenon in Greece, now in the British Museum.
The family moved to England in 1827 where eight year old
Walter attended
St. Paul’s School “offering a dynamic academic experience”
in west London
before
going on to the École Polytechnique in Paris.
Built in Lombardic Gothic style, Granville chose bright red
sandstone brick
with polychrome dressings for his Cawnpore masterpiece.
The church is 141 feet long by 50½ feet, the nave width
being 25 feet.
By utilising galleries in the north and west transepts
there is seating
for a congregation of seven hundred.
Noted for the fine mouldings over the doorways, its
exquisite stained
glass windows – particularly the “wheel-window that is
grand in its
dimensions and truly fine in proportion and ornament”, the
interior walls bear
fourteen tablets naming those who lost their lives during
the terrible events in 1857.
The stone floor is patterned with Chinese marble.
The original manual organ was purchased by public
subscription and built in the
south transept. Comprising twelve stops and two manuals it
was rebuilt in 1921
by London based, Hill, Norman and Beard. The font was a
gift from Queen Victoria.
Today, in the grounds adjacent to All Souls’ stands Baron
Carlo Marochetti’s
re-sited Memorial Angel against a curtain background using
five of the eight
panels in the original octagon screen, a lasting
monument to all killed in
General Wheeler’s Entrenchment, and the slaughter of men,
women and children
that followed; their remains thrown down the Well, where
they remain entombed.
┼
To
The Glory of God
AND
In Memory of
MORE THAN A THOUSAND
CHRISTIAN PEOPLE
WHO MET THEIR DEATHS HARD BY
BETWEEN 6TH JUNE & 15TH JULY
1857
……….
These Tablets
ARE PLACED IN THIS THE
MEMORIAL CHURCH OF ALL SOULS
CAWNPORE
BY ORDER OF THE
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR N.W.P.*
……….
Staff
MAJOR GENERAL SIR HUGH WHEELER KCB
LADY WHEELER & DAUGHTERS
LIEU. G. R. WHEELER 1ST N.I. ADC
LIEU. COL. E. WIGGENS 52ND N.I. DJAC
MRS. WIGGENS
MAJOR W. LINDSAY AAG
MRS. LINDSAY AND DAUGHTERS
ENSIGN LINDSAY AND WIFE
BRIGADIER GENERAL JACK CB
MR. JACK
CAPT. SIR G. PARKER 74TH NI Cant. Magistrate
CAPT. WILLIAMSON 41ST NI DACG
MRS. WILLIAMSON AND CHILD
* North West Provinces Lieutenant Governor was Scottish born East India Company Colonel, Hugh Fraser.
Fraser died at the Hill Station of Mussoorie on 13 August 1858.
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